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boceprevir: analysis from the serine protease inhibitor therapy 2 (SPRINT- JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY
2) trial. Hepatology 2013;57:974–984.
[69] Alavian SM, Aalaei-Andabili SH. Education by a nurse increases the [90] Moon C, Jung KS, Kim DY, Baatarkhuu O, Park JY, Kim BK, et al. Lower
adherence to therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients. Clin Gastroenterol incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis in hepatitis C patients
Hepatol 2012;10:203. with sustained virological response by pegylated interferon and ribavirin.
[70] Rodis JL, Kibbe P. Evaluation of medication adherence and quality of life in Dig Dis Sci 2015;60:573–581.
patients with hepatitis C virus receiving combination therapy.
Gastroenterol Nurs 2010;33:368–373. [91] Morgan RL, Baack B, Smith BD, Yartel A, Pitasi M, Falck-Ytter Y. Eradication
[71] Anand BS, Currie S, Dieperink E, Bini EJ, Shen H, Ho SB, et al. Alcohol use and of hepatitis C virus infection and the development of hepatocellular
treatment of hepatitis C virus: results of a national multicenter study. carcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Intern Med
Gastroenterology 2006;130:1607–1616. 2013;158:329–337.
[72] Bruggmann P, Dampz M, Gerlach T, Kravecz L, Falcato L. Treatment
outcome in relation to alcohol consumption during hepatitis C therapy: an [92] Singal AK, Freeman Jr DH, Anand BS. Meta-analysis: interferon improves
analysis of the Swiss Hepatitis C Cohort Study. Drug Alcohol Depend outcomes following ablation or resection of hepatocellular carcinoma.
2010;110:167–171. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;32:851–858.
[73] Le Lan C, Guillygomarc’h A, Danielou H, Le Dreau G, Laine F, Vedeilhie C,
et al. A multi-disciplinary approach to treating hepatitis C with interferon [93] Garcia-Retortillo M, Forns X, Feliu A, Moitinho E, Costa J, Navasa M, et al.
and ribavirin in alcohol-dependent patients with ongoing abuse. J Hepatol Hepatitis C virus kinetics during and immediately after liver trans-
2012;56:334–340. plantation. Hepatology 2002;35:680–687.
[74] Siu L, Foont J, Wands JR. Hepatitis C virus and alcohol. Semin Liver Dis
2009;29:188–199. [94] Gane E, Pilmore H. Management of chronic viral hepatitis before and after
[75] Backmund M, Meyer K, Edlin BR. Infrequent reinfection after successful renal transplantation. Transplantation 2002;74:427–437.
treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in injection drug users. Clin Infect
Dis 2004;39:1540–1543. [95] Curry MP, Forns X, Chung RT, Terrault NA, Brown Jr R, Fenkel JM, et al.
[76] Currie SL, Ryan JC, Tracy D, Wright TL, George S, McQuaid R, et al. A Sofosbuvir and ribavirin prevent recurrence of HCV infection after liver
prospective study to examine persistent HCV reinfection in injection drug transplantation: an open-label study. Gastroenterology 2015;148:100–107.
users who have previously cleared the virus. Drug Alcohol Depend
2008;93:148–154. [96] Forman LM, Lewis JD, Berlin JA, Feldman HI, Lucey MR. The association
[77] Dalgard O. Follow-up studies of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection between hepatitis C infection and survival after orthotopic liver trans-
among injection drug users. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:S336–S338. plantation. Gastroenterology 2002;122:889–896.
[78] Grebely J, Knight E, Ngai T, Genoway KA, Raffa JD, Storms M, et al.
Reinfection with hepatitis C virus following sustained virological response [97] Prieto M, Berenguer M, Rayon JM, Cordoba J, Arguello L, Carrasco D, et al.
in injection drug users. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;25: High incidence of allograft cirrhosis in hepatitis C virus genotype 1b
1281–1284. infection following transplantation: relationship with rejection episodes.
[79] Grebely J, Pham ST, Matthews GV, Petoumenos K, Bull RA, Yeung B, et al. Hepatology 1999;29:250–256.
Hepatitis C virus reinfection and superinfection among treated and
untreated participants with recent infection. Hepatology [98] Blasco A, Forns X, Carrion JA, Garcia-Pagan JC, Gilabert R, Rimola A, et al.
2012;55:1058–1069. Hepatic venous pressure gradient identifies patients at risk of severe
[80] Barnard RJ, Howe JA, Ogert RA, Zeuzem S, Poordad F, Gordon SC, et al. hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Hepatology
Analysis of boceprevir resistance associated amino acid variants (RAVs) in 2006;43:492–499.
two phase 3 boceprevir clinical studies. Virology 2013;444:329–336.
[81] McPhee F, Hernandez D, Yu F, Ueland J, Monikowski A, Carifa A, et al. [99] Neumann UP, Berg T, Bahra M, Seehofer D, Langrehr JM, Neuhaus R, et al.
Resistance analysis of hepatitis C virus genotype 1 prior treatment null Fibrosis progression after liver transplantation in patients with recurrent
responders receiving daclatasvir and asunaprevir. Hepatology hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2004;41:830–836.
2013;58:902–911.
[82] Sullivan JC, De Meyer S, Bartels DJ, Dierynck I, Zhang EZ, Spanks J, et al. [100] Berenguer M, Palau A, Aguilera V, Rayon JM, Juan FS, Prieto M. Clinical
Evolution of treatment-emergent resistant variants in telaprevir phase 3 benefits of antiviral therapy in patients with recurrent hepatitis C following
clinical trials. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:221–229. liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008;8:679–687.
[83] Wang C, Sun JH, O’Boyle 2nd DR, Nower P, Valera L, Roberts S, et al.
Persistence of resistant variants in hepatitis C virus-infected patients [101] Gambato M, Lens S, Navasa M, Forns X. Treatment options in patients with
treated with the NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir. decompensated cirrhosis, pre- and post-transplantation. J Hepatol
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013;57:2054–2065. 2014;61:S120–S131.
[84] Lenz O, Verbinnen T, Fevery B, Tambuyzer L, Vijgen L, Peeters M, et al.
Virology analyses of HCV isolates from genotype 1-infected patients treated [102] Charlton M, Gane E, Manns MP, Brown Jr RS, Curry MP, Kwo PY, et al.
with simeprevir plus peginterferon/ribavirin in Phase IIb/III studies. J Sofosbuvir and ribavirin for treatment of compensated recurrent hepatitis
Hepatol 2015, in press. C virus infection after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology
[85] Krishnan P, Tripathi R, Schnell G, Reisch T, Beyer J, Irvin M, et al. Pooled 2015;148:108–117.
analysis of resistance in patients treated with ombitasvir/ABT-450/r and
dasabuvir with or without ribavirin in Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials. [103] Forns X, Charlton M, Denning J, McHutchison JG, Symonds WT, Brainard D,
Hepatology 2014;60:1134A. et al. Sofosbuvir compassionate use program for patients with severe
[86] Sarrazin C, Dvory-Sobol H, Svarovskaia ES, Doehle B, McCarville JF, Pang PS, recurrent hepatitis C following liver transplantation. Hepatology 2015, in
et al. Baseline and post-baseline resistance analyses of Phase 2/3 studies of press.
ledipasvir/sofosbuvir ± RBV. Hepatology 2014;60:1128A.
[87] Wyles DL, Pockros PJ, Yang JC, Zhu Y, Pang PS, McHutchison JG, et al. [104] Reddy RK, Everson GT, Flamm SL, Denning JM, Arterburn S, Brandt-Sarif T,
Retreatment of patients who failed prior sofosbuvir-based regimens with et al. Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir with ribavirin for the treatment of HCV in
all-oral fixed-dose combination ledipasvir/sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for patients with post-transplant recurrence: preliminary results of a prospec-
12 weeks. Hepatology 2014;60:317A. tive, multicenter study. Hepatology 2014;60:200A–201A.
[88] Afdhal N, Everson G, Calleja JL, McCaughan G, Symonds WT, Denning J, et al.
Sofosbuvir and ribavirin for the treatment of chronic HCV with cirrhosis [105] Mantry PS, Kwo PY, Coakley E, Te HS, Vargas HE, Brown RS, et al. High
and portal hypertension with and without decompensation: early virologic sustained virologic response rates in liver transplant recipients with
response and safety. J Hepatol 2014;60:S28. recurrent HCV genotype 1 infection receiving ABT-450/r/ombitasvir plus
[89] Flamm SL, Everson GT, Charlton M, Denning JM, Arterburn S, Brandt-Sarif T, dasabuvir plus ribavirin. Hepatology 2014;60:298A.
et al. Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir with ribavirin for the treatment of HCV in
patients with decompensated cirrhosis: preliminary results of a prospec- [106] Brown RS, Reddy KRJ, O’Leary JG, Kuo A, Morelli G, Stravitz RT, et al. Safety
tive, multicenter study. Hepatology 2014;60:320A. and efficacy of new DAA-based therapy for hepatitis C post-transplant:
interval results from the HCV-TARGET longitudinal, observational study.
Hepatology 2014;60:1269A.
[107] Leroy V, Dumortier J, Coilly A, Sebagh M, Fougerou-Leurent C, Radenne S,
et al. High rates of virological response and major clinical improvement
during sofosbuvir and daclatasvir-based regimens for the treatment of
fibrosing cholestatic HCV recurrence after liver transplantation: the ANRS
CO23 CUPILT study. Hepatology 2014;60:207A.
[108] Potthoff A, Berg T, Wedemeyer H. Late hepatitis B virus relapse in patients
co-infected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus after antiviral
treatment with pegylated interferon-a2b and ribavirin. Scand J
Gastroenterol 2009;44:1487–1490.
[109] Scott DR, Wong JK, Spicer TS, Dent H, Mensah FK, McDonald S, et al.
Adverse impact of hepatitis C virus infection on renal replacement therapy
and renal transplant patients in Australia and New Zealand.
Transplantation 2010;90:1165–1171.
[110] Van Wagner LB, Baker T, Ahya SN, Norvell JP, Wang E, Levitsky J. Outcomes
of patients with hepatitis C undergoing simultaneous liver-kidney trans-
plantation. J Hepatol 2009;51:874–880.
Journal of Hepatology 2015 vol. xxx j xxx–xxx 37
Please cite this article in press as: EASL Recommendations on Treatment of Hepatitis C 2015. J Hepatol (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.jhep.2015.03.025
2) trial. Hepatology 2013;57:974–984.
[69] Alavian SM, Aalaei-Andabili SH. Education by a nurse increases the [90] Moon C, Jung KS, Kim DY, Baatarkhuu O, Park JY, Kim BK, et al. Lower
adherence to therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients. Clin Gastroenterol incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis in hepatitis C patients
Hepatol 2012;10:203. with sustained virological response by pegylated interferon and ribavirin.
[70] Rodis JL, Kibbe P. Evaluation of medication adherence and quality of life in Dig Dis Sci 2015;60:573–581.
patients with hepatitis C virus receiving combination therapy.
Gastroenterol Nurs 2010;33:368–373. [91] Morgan RL, Baack B, Smith BD, Yartel A, Pitasi M, Falck-Ytter Y. Eradication
[71] Anand BS, Currie S, Dieperink E, Bini EJ, Shen H, Ho SB, et al. Alcohol use and of hepatitis C virus infection and the development of hepatocellular
treatment of hepatitis C virus: results of a national multicenter study. carcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Intern Med
Gastroenterology 2006;130:1607–1616. 2013;158:329–337.
[72] Bruggmann P, Dampz M, Gerlach T, Kravecz L, Falcato L. Treatment
outcome in relation to alcohol consumption during hepatitis C therapy: an [92] Singal AK, Freeman Jr DH, Anand BS. Meta-analysis: interferon improves
analysis of the Swiss Hepatitis C Cohort Study. Drug Alcohol Depend outcomes following ablation or resection of hepatocellular carcinoma.
2010;110:167–171. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;32:851–858.
[73] Le Lan C, Guillygomarc’h A, Danielou H, Le Dreau G, Laine F, Vedeilhie C,
et al. A multi-disciplinary approach to treating hepatitis C with interferon [93] Garcia-Retortillo M, Forns X, Feliu A, Moitinho E, Costa J, Navasa M, et al.
and ribavirin in alcohol-dependent patients with ongoing abuse. J Hepatol Hepatitis C virus kinetics during and immediately after liver trans-
2012;56:334–340. plantation. Hepatology 2002;35:680–687.
[74] Siu L, Foont J, Wands JR. Hepatitis C virus and alcohol. Semin Liver Dis
2009;29:188–199. [94] Gane E, Pilmore H. Management of chronic viral hepatitis before and after
[75] Backmund M, Meyer K, Edlin BR. Infrequent reinfection after successful renal transplantation. Transplantation 2002;74:427–437.
treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in injection drug users. Clin Infect
Dis 2004;39:1540–1543. [95] Curry MP, Forns X, Chung RT, Terrault NA, Brown Jr R, Fenkel JM, et al.
[76] Currie SL, Ryan JC, Tracy D, Wright TL, George S, McQuaid R, et al. A Sofosbuvir and ribavirin prevent recurrence of HCV infection after liver
prospective study to examine persistent HCV reinfection in injection drug transplantation: an open-label study. Gastroenterology 2015;148:100–107.
users who have previously cleared the virus. Drug Alcohol Depend
2008;93:148–154. [96] Forman LM, Lewis JD, Berlin JA, Feldman HI, Lucey MR. The association
[77] Dalgard O. Follow-up studies of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection between hepatitis C infection and survival after orthotopic liver trans-
among injection drug users. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:S336–S338. plantation. Gastroenterology 2002;122:889–896.
[78] Grebely J, Knight E, Ngai T, Genoway KA, Raffa JD, Storms M, et al.
Reinfection with hepatitis C virus following sustained virological response [97] Prieto M, Berenguer M, Rayon JM, Cordoba J, Arguello L, Carrasco D, et al.
in injection drug users. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;25: High incidence of allograft cirrhosis in hepatitis C virus genotype 1b
1281–1284. infection following transplantation: relationship with rejection episodes.
[79] Grebely J, Pham ST, Matthews GV, Petoumenos K, Bull RA, Yeung B, et al. Hepatology 1999;29:250–256.
Hepatitis C virus reinfection and superinfection among treated and
untreated participants with recent infection. Hepatology [98] Blasco A, Forns X, Carrion JA, Garcia-Pagan JC, Gilabert R, Rimola A, et al.
2012;55:1058–1069. Hepatic venous pressure gradient identifies patients at risk of severe
[80] Barnard RJ, Howe JA, Ogert RA, Zeuzem S, Poordad F, Gordon SC, et al. hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Hepatology
Analysis of boceprevir resistance associated amino acid variants (RAVs) in 2006;43:492–499.
two phase 3 boceprevir clinical studies. Virology 2013;444:329–336.
[81] McPhee F, Hernandez D, Yu F, Ueland J, Monikowski A, Carifa A, et al. [99] Neumann UP, Berg T, Bahra M, Seehofer D, Langrehr JM, Neuhaus R, et al.
Resistance analysis of hepatitis C virus genotype 1 prior treatment null Fibrosis progression after liver transplantation in patients with recurrent
responders receiving daclatasvir and asunaprevir. Hepatology hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2004;41:830–836.
2013;58:902–911.
[82] Sullivan JC, De Meyer S, Bartels DJ, Dierynck I, Zhang EZ, Spanks J, et al. [100] Berenguer M, Palau A, Aguilera V, Rayon JM, Juan FS, Prieto M. Clinical
Evolution of treatment-emergent resistant variants in telaprevir phase 3 benefits of antiviral therapy in patients with recurrent hepatitis C following
clinical trials. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:221–229. liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008;8:679–687.
[83] Wang C, Sun JH, O’Boyle 2nd DR, Nower P, Valera L, Roberts S, et al.
Persistence of resistant variants in hepatitis C virus-infected patients [101] Gambato M, Lens S, Navasa M, Forns X. Treatment options in patients with
treated with the NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir. decompensated cirrhosis, pre- and post-transplantation. J Hepatol
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013;57:2054–2065. 2014;61:S120–S131.
[84] Lenz O, Verbinnen T, Fevery B, Tambuyzer L, Vijgen L, Peeters M, et al.
Virology analyses of HCV isolates from genotype 1-infected patients treated [102] Charlton M, Gane E, Manns MP, Brown Jr RS, Curry MP, Kwo PY, et al.
with simeprevir plus peginterferon/ribavirin in Phase IIb/III studies. J Sofosbuvir and ribavirin for treatment of compensated recurrent hepatitis
Hepatol 2015, in press. C virus infection after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology
[85] Krishnan P, Tripathi R, Schnell G, Reisch T, Beyer J, Irvin M, et al. Pooled 2015;148:108–117.
analysis of resistance in patients treated with ombitasvir/ABT-450/r and
dasabuvir with or without ribavirin in Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials. [103] Forns X, Charlton M, Denning J, McHutchison JG, Symonds WT, Brainard D,
Hepatology 2014;60:1134A. et al. Sofosbuvir compassionate use program for patients with severe
[86] Sarrazin C, Dvory-Sobol H, Svarovskaia ES, Doehle B, McCarville JF, Pang PS, recurrent hepatitis C following liver transplantation. Hepatology 2015, in
et al. Baseline and post-baseline resistance analyses of Phase 2/3 studies of press.
ledipasvir/sofosbuvir ± RBV. Hepatology 2014;60:1128A.
[87] Wyles DL, Pockros PJ, Yang JC, Zhu Y, Pang PS, McHutchison JG, et al. [104] Reddy RK, Everson GT, Flamm SL, Denning JM, Arterburn S, Brandt-Sarif T,
Retreatment of patients who failed prior sofosbuvir-based regimens with et al. Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir with ribavirin for the treatment of HCV in
all-oral fixed-dose combination ledipasvir/sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for patients with post-transplant recurrence: preliminary results of a prospec-
12 weeks. Hepatology 2014;60:317A. tive, multicenter study. Hepatology 2014;60:200A–201A.
[88] Afdhal N, Everson G, Calleja JL, McCaughan G, Symonds WT, Denning J, et al.
Sofosbuvir and ribavirin for the treatment of chronic HCV with cirrhosis [105] Mantry PS, Kwo PY, Coakley E, Te HS, Vargas HE, Brown RS, et al. High
and portal hypertension with and without decompensation: early virologic sustained virologic response rates in liver transplant recipients with
response and safety. J Hepatol 2014;60:S28. recurrent HCV genotype 1 infection receiving ABT-450/r/ombitasvir plus
[89] Flamm SL, Everson GT, Charlton M, Denning JM, Arterburn S, Brandt-Sarif T, dasabuvir plus ribavirin. Hepatology 2014;60:298A.
et al. Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir with ribavirin for the treatment of HCV in
patients with decompensated cirrhosis: preliminary results of a prospec- [106] Brown RS, Reddy KRJ, O’Leary JG, Kuo A, Morelli G, Stravitz RT, et al. Safety
tive, multicenter study. Hepatology 2014;60:320A. and efficacy of new DAA-based therapy for hepatitis C post-transplant:
interval results from the HCV-TARGET longitudinal, observational study.
Hepatology 2014;60:1269A.
[107] Leroy V, Dumortier J, Coilly A, Sebagh M, Fougerou-Leurent C, Radenne S,
et al. High rates of virological response and major clinical improvement
during sofosbuvir and daclatasvir-based regimens for the treatment of
fibrosing cholestatic HCV recurrence after liver transplantation: the ANRS
CO23 CUPILT study. Hepatology 2014;60:207A.
[108] Potthoff A, Berg T, Wedemeyer H. Late hepatitis B virus relapse in patients
co-infected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus after antiviral
treatment with pegylated interferon-a2b and ribavirin. Scand J
Gastroenterol 2009;44:1487–1490.
[109] Scott DR, Wong JK, Spicer TS, Dent H, Mensah FK, McDonald S, et al.
Adverse impact of hepatitis C virus infection on renal replacement therapy
and renal transplant patients in Australia and New Zealand.
Transplantation 2010;90:1165–1171.
[110] Van Wagner LB, Baker T, Ahya SN, Norvell JP, Wang E, Levitsky J. Outcomes
of patients with hepatitis C undergoing simultaneous liver-kidney trans-
plantation. J Hepatol 2009;51:874–880.
Journal of Hepatology 2015 vol. xxx j xxx–xxx 37
Please cite this article in press as: EASL Recommendations on Treatment of Hepatitis C 2015. J Hepatol (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.jhep.2015.03.025
