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References
[1] Ratziu V, Bellentani S, Cortez-Pinto H, et al. A position statement on NAFLD/NASH based on
the EASL 2009 special conference. J Hepatol 2010;53:372-384.
[2] Sanyal AJ, Brunt EM, Kleiner DE, et al. Endpoints and clinical trial design for nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2011;54:344-353.
[3] Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Hepatic lipotoxicity and the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis:
the central role of nontriglyceride fatty acid metabolites. Hepatology 2010;52:774-788.
[4] Kirpichnikov D, McFarlane SI, Sowers JR. Metformin: an update. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:25-
33.
[5] Lin HZ, Yang SQ, Chuckaree C, et al. Metformin reverses fatty liver disease in obese, leptin-
deficient mice. Nat Med 2000;6:998-1003.
[6] Haukeland JW, Konopski Z, Eggesbo HB, et al. Metformin in patients with non-alcoholic fatty
liver disease: a randomized, controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009;44:853-860.
[7] Tiikkainen M, Hakkinen AM, Korsheninnikova E, et al. Effects of rosiglitazone and metformin
on liver fat content, hepatic insulin resistance, insulin clearance, and gene expression in adipose
tissue in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2004;53:2169-2176.
[8] Ratziu V, Charlotte F, Bernhardt C, et al. Long-term efficacy of rosiglitazone in nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis: results of the fatty liver improvement by rosiglitazone therapy (FLIRT 2) extension
trial. Hepatology 2010;51:445-453.
[9] Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV, et al. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1675-1685.
[10] Belfort R, Harrison SA, Brown K, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2297-2307.
[11] Ratziu V, Giral P, Jacqueminet S, et al. Rosiglitazone for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: one-year
results of the randomized placebo-controlled Fatty Liver Improvement with Rosiglitazone
Therapy (FLIRT) Trial. Gastroenterology 2008;135:100-110.
[12] Aithal GP, Thomas JA, Kaye PV, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in
nondiabetic subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2008;135:1176-1184.
[13] Sanyal AJ, Mofrad PS, Contos MJ, et al.A pilot study of vitamin E versus vitamin E and pioglitazone
for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:1107-1115.
[14] Caldwell SH, Hespenheide EE, Redick JA, et al. A pilot study of a thiazolidinedione, troglitazone,
in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:519-525.
[15] Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Brunt EM, Wehmeier KR, et al. Improved nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
after 48 weeks of treatment with the PPAR-gamma ligand rosiglitazone. Hepatology 2003;38:1008-
1017.
[16] Promrat K, Lutchman G, Uwaifo GI, et al. A pilot study of pioglitazone treatment for nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2004;39:188-196.
[17] Harrison SA, Schenker S, Cusi K. Insulin sensitizers in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology
2011;53:1404-1405; author reply 1405.
[18] Lutchman G, Modi A, Kleiner DE, et al.The effects of discontinuing pioglitazone in patients with
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2007;46:424-429.
[19] Gastaldelli A, Harrison SA, Belfort-Aguilar R, et al. Importance of changes in adipose tissue
insulin resistance to histological response during thiazolidinedione treatment of patients with
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2009;50:1087-1093.
[20] Bell LN, Wang J, Muralidharan S, et al. Relationship between adipose tissue insulin resistance
and liver histology in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a pioglitazone versus vitamin E versus placebo
for the treatment of nondiabetic patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis trial follow-up study.
Hepatology 2012;56:1311-1318.
[21] Balas B, Belfort R, Harrison SA, et al. Pioglitazone treatment increases whole body fat but not
total body water in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2007;47:565-570.
[22] Ratziu V, Caldwell S, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Therapeutic trials in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis:
insulin sensitizers and related methodological issues. Hepatology 2010;52:2206-2215.
[23] Lincoff AM,Wolski K, Nicholls SJ, et al. Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients
The International Liver Congress™ 2015 • Vienna, Austria • April 22–23, 2015 75
[1] Ratziu V, Bellentani S, Cortez-Pinto H, et al. A position statement on NAFLD/NASH based on
the EASL 2009 special conference. J Hepatol 2010;53:372-384.
[2] Sanyal AJ, Brunt EM, Kleiner DE, et al. Endpoints and clinical trial design for nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2011;54:344-353.
[3] Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Hepatic lipotoxicity and the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis:
the central role of nontriglyceride fatty acid metabolites. Hepatology 2010;52:774-788.
[4] Kirpichnikov D, McFarlane SI, Sowers JR. Metformin: an update. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:25-
33.
[5] Lin HZ, Yang SQ, Chuckaree C, et al. Metformin reverses fatty liver disease in obese, leptin-
deficient mice. Nat Med 2000;6:998-1003.
[6] Haukeland JW, Konopski Z, Eggesbo HB, et al. Metformin in patients with non-alcoholic fatty
liver disease: a randomized, controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009;44:853-860.
[7] Tiikkainen M, Hakkinen AM, Korsheninnikova E, et al. Effects of rosiglitazone and metformin
on liver fat content, hepatic insulin resistance, insulin clearance, and gene expression in adipose
tissue in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2004;53:2169-2176.
[8] Ratziu V, Charlotte F, Bernhardt C, et al. Long-term efficacy of rosiglitazone in nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis: results of the fatty liver improvement by rosiglitazone therapy (FLIRT 2) extension
trial. Hepatology 2010;51:445-453.
[9] Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV, et al. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1675-1685.
[10] Belfort R, Harrison SA, Brown K, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2297-2307.
[11] Ratziu V, Giral P, Jacqueminet S, et al. Rosiglitazone for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: one-year
results of the randomized placebo-controlled Fatty Liver Improvement with Rosiglitazone
Therapy (FLIRT) Trial. Gastroenterology 2008;135:100-110.
[12] Aithal GP, Thomas JA, Kaye PV, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in
nondiabetic subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2008;135:1176-1184.
[13] Sanyal AJ, Mofrad PS, Contos MJ, et al.A pilot study of vitamin E versus vitamin E and pioglitazone
for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:1107-1115.
[14] Caldwell SH, Hespenheide EE, Redick JA, et al. A pilot study of a thiazolidinedione, troglitazone,
in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:519-525.
[15] Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Brunt EM, Wehmeier KR, et al. Improved nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
after 48 weeks of treatment with the PPAR-gamma ligand rosiglitazone. Hepatology 2003;38:1008-
1017.
[16] Promrat K, Lutchman G, Uwaifo GI, et al. A pilot study of pioglitazone treatment for nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2004;39:188-196.
[17] Harrison SA, Schenker S, Cusi K. Insulin sensitizers in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology
2011;53:1404-1405; author reply 1405.
[18] Lutchman G, Modi A, Kleiner DE, et al.The effects of discontinuing pioglitazone in patients with
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2007;46:424-429.
[19] Gastaldelli A, Harrison SA, Belfort-Aguilar R, et al. Importance of changes in adipose tissue
insulin resistance to histological response during thiazolidinedione treatment of patients with
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2009;50:1087-1093.
[20] Bell LN, Wang J, Muralidharan S, et al. Relationship between adipose tissue insulin resistance
and liver histology in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a pioglitazone versus vitamin E versus placebo
for the treatment of nondiabetic patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis trial follow-up study.
Hepatology 2012;56:1311-1318.
[21] Balas B, Belfort R, Harrison SA, et al. Pioglitazone treatment increases whole body fat but not
total body water in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2007;47:565-570.
[22] Ratziu V, Caldwell S, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Therapeutic trials in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis:
insulin sensitizers and related methodological issues. Hepatology 2010;52:2206-2215.
[23] Lincoff AM,Wolski K, Nicholls SJ, et al. Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients
The International Liver Congress™ 2015 • Vienna, Austria • April 22–23, 2015 75
