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P. 22
[30] Fontana RJ, Kleiner DE, Bilonick R, Terrault N, Afdhal N, Belle SH, et al. JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY
Modeling hepatic fibrosis in African American and Caucasian American
patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2006;44: healthy living liver and kidney donors in South Korea. Liver Int
925–935. 2010;30:268–274.
[53] Colombo S, Belloli L, Zaccanelli M, Badia E, Jamoletti C, Buonocore M, et al.
[31] Koda M, Matunaga Y, Kawakami M, Kishimoto Y, Suou T, Murawaki Y. Normal liver stiffness and its determinants in healthy blood donors. Dig
FibroIndex, a practical index for predicting significant fibrosis in patients Liver Dis 2011;43:231–236.
with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2007;45:297–306. [54] Das K, Sarkar R, Ahmed SM, Mridha AR, Mukherjee PS, Dhali GK, et al.
‘‘Normal’’ liver stiffness measure (LSM) values are higher in both lean and
[32] Vallet-Pichard A, Mallet V, Nalpas B, Verkarre V, Nalpas A, Dhalluin-Venier obese individuals: a population-based study from a developing country.
V, et al. FIB-4: an inexpensive and accurate marker of fibrosis in HCV Hepatology 2012;55:584–593.
infection. Comparison with liver biopsy and fibrotest. Hepatology [55] Boursier J, Konate A, Guilluy M, Gorea G, Sawadogo A, Quemener E, et al.
2007;46:32–36. Learning curve and interobserver reproducibility evaluation of liver
stiffness measurement by transient elastography. Eur J Gastroenterol
[33] Fontana RJ, Goodman ZD, Dienstag JL, Bonkovsky HL, Naishadham D, Hepatol 2008;20:693–701.
Sterling RK, et al. Relationship of serum fibrosis markers with liver fibrosis [56] Fraquelli M, Rigamonti C, Casazza G, Conte D, Donato MF, Ronchi G, et al.
stage and collagen content in patients with advanced chronic hepatitis C. Reproducibility of transient elastography in the evaluation of liver fibrosis
Hepatology 2008;47:789–798. in patients with chronic liver disease. Gut 2007;56:968–973.
[57] Boursier J, Konate A, Gorea G, Reaud S, Quemener E, Oberti F, et al.
[34] Rosenberg WM, Voelker M, Thiel R, Becka M, Burt A, Schuppan D, et al. Reproducibility of liver stiffness measurement by ultrasonographic elas-
Serum markers detect the presence of liver fibrosis: A cohort study. tometry. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:1263–1269.
Gastroenterology 2004;127:1704–1713. [58] Castera L, Foucher J, Bernard PH, Carvalho F, Allaix D, Merrouche W, et al.
Pitfalls of liver stiffness measurement: a 5-year prospective study of 13,369
[35] Cales P, Oberti F, Michalak S, Hubert-Fouchard I, Rousselet MC, Konate A, examinations. Hepatology 2010;51:828–835.
et al. A novel panel of blood markers to assess the degree of liver fibrosis. [59] Wong GL, Wong VW, Chim AM, Yiu KK, Chu SH, Li MK, et al. Factors
Hepatology 2005;42:1373–1381. associated with unreliable liver stiffness measurement and its failure with
transient elastography in the Chinese population. J Gastroenterol Hepatol
[36] Hui AY, Chan HL, Wong VW, Liew CT, Chim AM, Chan FK, et al. 2011;26:300–305.
Identification of chronic hepatitis B patients without significant liver [60] Lucidarme D, Foucher J, Le Bail B, Vergniol J, Castera L, Duburque C, et al.
fibrosis by a simple noninvasive predictive model. Am J Gastroenterol Factors of accuracy of transient elastography (fibroscan) for the diagnosis of
2005;100:616–623. liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2009:1083–1089.
[61] Myers RP, Crotty P, Pomier-Layrargues G, Ma M, Urbanski SJ, Elkashab M.
[37] Zeng MD, Lu LG, Mao YM, Qiu DK, Li JQ, Wan MB, et al. Prediction of Prevalence, risk factors and causes of discordance in fibrosis staging by
significant fibrosis in HBeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B by a transient elastography and liver biopsy. Liver Int 2010;30:1471–1480.
noninvasive model. Hepatology 2005;42:1437–1445. [62] Boursier J, Zarski JP, de Ledinghen V, Rousselet MC, Sturm N, Lebail B, et al.
Determination of reliability criteria for liver stiffness evaluation by
[38] Kelleher TB, Mehta SH, Bhaskar R, Sulkowski M, Astemborski J, Thomas DL, transient elastography. Hepatology 2013;57:1182–1191.
et al. Prediction of hepatic fibrosis in HIV/HCV co-infected patients using [63] Parra-Ruiz J, Sanjuan C, Munoz-Medina L, Vinuesa D, Martinez-Perez MA,
serum fibrosis markers: The SHASTA index. J Hepatol 2005;43:78–84. Hernandez-Quero J. Letter: accuracy of liver stiffness measurement – a
comparison of two different FibroScan devices. Aliment Pharmacol Ther
[39] Sterling RK, Lissen E, Clumeck N, Sola R, Correa MC, Montaner J, et al. 2014;39:1434–1435.
Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in [64] Friedrich-Rust M, Hadji-Hosseini H, Kriener S, Herrmann E, Sircar I, Kau
patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. Hepatology 2006;43:1317–1325. A, et al. Transient elastography with a new probe for obese patients for
non-invasive staging of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur Radiol
[40] Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, George J, Farrell GC, et al. The 2010;20:2390–2396.
NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in [65] de Ledinghen V, Vergniol J, Foucher J, El-Hajbi F, Merrouche W, Rigalleau V.
patients with NAFLD. Hepatology 2007;45:846–854. Feasibility of liver transient elastography with FibroScan using a new probe
for obese patients. Liver Int 2010;30:1043–1048.
[41] Harrison SA, Oliver D, Arnold HL, Gogia S, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. [66] Myers RP, Pomier-Layrargues G, Kirsch R, Pollett A, Duarte-Rojo A, Wong D,
Development and validation of a simple NAFLD clinical scoring system et al. Feasibility and diagnostic performance of the FibroScan XL probe for
for identifying patients without advanced disease. Gut 2008;57: liver stiffness measurement in overweight and obese patients. Hepatology
1441–1447. 2012;55:199–208.
[67] de Ledinghen V, Wong VW, Vergniol J, Wong GL, Foucher J, Chu SH, et al.
[42] Poynard T, Munteanu M, Deckmyn O, Ngo Y, Drane F, Messous D, et al. Diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis using liver stiffness measurement:
Applicability and precautions of use of liver injury biomarker FibroTest. A comparison between M and XL probe of FibroScan(R). J Hepatol
reappraisal at 7 years of age. BMC Gastroenterol 2011;11:39. 2012;56:833–839.
[68] Wong VW, Vergniol J, Wong GL, Foucher J, Chan AW, Chermak F, et al. Liver
[43] Imbert-Bismut F, Messous D, Thibaut V, Myers RB, Piton A, Thabut D, et al. stiffness measurement using XL probe in patients with nonalcoholic fatty
Intra-laboratory analytical variability of biochemical markers of fibrosis liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:1862–1871.
(Fibrotest) and activity (Actitest) and reference ranges in healthy blood [69] Coco B, Oliveri F, Maina AM, Ciccorossi P, Sacco R, Colombatto P, et al.
donors. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004;42:323–333. Transient elastography: a new surrogate marker of liver fibrosis influenced
by major changes of transaminases. J Viral Hepat 2007;14:360–369.
[44] Cales P, Veillon P, Konate A, Mathieu E, Ternisien C, Chevailler A, et al. [70] Sagir A, Erhardt A, Schmitt M, Haussinger D. Transient elastography is
Reproducibility of blood tests of liver fibrosis in clinical practice. Clin unreliable for detection of cirrhosis in patients with acute liver damage.
Biochem 2008;41:10–18. Hepatology 2007;47:592–595.
[71] Arena U, Vizzutti F, Corti G, Ambu S, Stasi C, Bresci S, et al. Acute viral
[45] Fraser JR, Gibson PR. Mechanisms by which food intake elevates circulating hepatitis increases liver stiffness values measured by transient elas-
levels of hyaluronan in humans. J Intern Med 2005;258:460–466. tography. Hepatology 2008;47:380–384.
[72] Millonig G, Reimann FM, Friedrich S, Fonouni H, Mehrabi A, Buchler MW,
[46] Volpi N, Schiller J, Stern R, Soltes L. Role, metabolism, chemical modi- et al. Extrahepatic cholestasis increases liver stiffness (FibroScan) irrespec-
fications and applications of hyaluronan. Curr Med Chem 2009;16: tive of fibrosis. Hepatology 2008;48:1718–1723.
1718–1745. [73] Millonig G, Friedrich S, Adolf S, Fonouni H, Golriz M, Mehrabi A, et al. Liver
stiffness is directly influenced by central venous pressure. J Hepatol
[47] Piton A, Poynard T, Imbert-Bismut F, Khalil L, Delattre J, Pelissier E, et al. 2010;52:206–210.
Factors associated with serum alanine transaminase activity in healthy [74] Bardou-Jacquet E, Legros L, Soro D, Latournerie M, Guillygomarc’h A, Le Lan
subjects: consequences for the definition of normal values, for selection of C, et al. Effect of alcohol consumption on liver stiffness measured by
blood donors, and for patients with chronic hepatitis C. MULTIVIRC Group. transient elastography. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:516–522.
Hepatology 1998;27:1213–1219.
[48] Poynard T, Munteanu M, Imbert-Bismut F, Charlotte F, Thabut D, Le Calvez
S, et al. Prospective analysis of discordant results between biochemical
markers and biopsy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Chem
2004;10:10.
[49] Sandrin L, Fourquet B, Hasquenoph JM, Yon S, Fournier C, Mal F, et al.
Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of
hepatic fibrosis. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003;29:1705–1713.
[50] Castera L, Forns X, Alberti A. Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis using
transient elastography. J Hepatol 2008;48:835–847.
[51] Roulot D, Czernichow S, Le Clesiau H, Costes JL, Vergnaud AC, Beaugrand M.
Liver stiffness values in apparently healthy subjects: influence of gender
and metabolic syndrome. J Hepatol 2008;48:606–613.
[52] Kim SU, Choi GH, Han WK, Kim BK, Park JY, Kim do Y, et al. What are ‘true
normal’ liver stiffness values using FibroScan?: a prospective study in
Journal of Hepatology 2015 vol. xxx j xxx–xxx 21
Please cite this article in press as: EASL-ALEH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis. J
Hepatol (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.04.006
Modeling hepatic fibrosis in African American and Caucasian American
patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2006;44: healthy living liver and kidney donors in South Korea. Liver Int
925–935. 2010;30:268–274.
[53] Colombo S, Belloli L, Zaccanelli M, Badia E, Jamoletti C, Buonocore M, et al.
[31] Koda M, Matunaga Y, Kawakami M, Kishimoto Y, Suou T, Murawaki Y. Normal liver stiffness and its determinants in healthy blood donors. Dig
FibroIndex, a practical index for predicting significant fibrosis in patients Liver Dis 2011;43:231–236.
with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2007;45:297–306. [54] Das K, Sarkar R, Ahmed SM, Mridha AR, Mukherjee PS, Dhali GK, et al.
‘‘Normal’’ liver stiffness measure (LSM) values are higher in both lean and
[32] Vallet-Pichard A, Mallet V, Nalpas B, Verkarre V, Nalpas A, Dhalluin-Venier obese individuals: a population-based study from a developing country.
V, et al. FIB-4: an inexpensive and accurate marker of fibrosis in HCV Hepatology 2012;55:584–593.
infection. Comparison with liver biopsy and fibrotest. Hepatology [55] Boursier J, Konate A, Guilluy M, Gorea G, Sawadogo A, Quemener E, et al.
2007;46:32–36. Learning curve and interobserver reproducibility evaluation of liver
stiffness measurement by transient elastography. Eur J Gastroenterol
[33] Fontana RJ, Goodman ZD, Dienstag JL, Bonkovsky HL, Naishadham D, Hepatol 2008;20:693–701.
Sterling RK, et al. Relationship of serum fibrosis markers with liver fibrosis [56] Fraquelli M, Rigamonti C, Casazza G, Conte D, Donato MF, Ronchi G, et al.
stage and collagen content in patients with advanced chronic hepatitis C. Reproducibility of transient elastography in the evaluation of liver fibrosis
Hepatology 2008;47:789–798. in patients with chronic liver disease. Gut 2007;56:968–973.
[57] Boursier J, Konate A, Gorea G, Reaud S, Quemener E, Oberti F, et al.
[34] Rosenberg WM, Voelker M, Thiel R, Becka M, Burt A, Schuppan D, et al. Reproducibility of liver stiffness measurement by ultrasonographic elas-
Serum markers detect the presence of liver fibrosis: A cohort study. tometry. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:1263–1269.
Gastroenterology 2004;127:1704–1713. [58] Castera L, Foucher J, Bernard PH, Carvalho F, Allaix D, Merrouche W, et al.
Pitfalls of liver stiffness measurement: a 5-year prospective study of 13,369
[35] Cales P, Oberti F, Michalak S, Hubert-Fouchard I, Rousselet MC, Konate A, examinations. Hepatology 2010;51:828–835.
et al. A novel panel of blood markers to assess the degree of liver fibrosis. [59] Wong GL, Wong VW, Chim AM, Yiu KK, Chu SH, Li MK, et al. Factors
Hepatology 2005;42:1373–1381. associated with unreliable liver stiffness measurement and its failure with
transient elastography in the Chinese population. J Gastroenterol Hepatol
[36] Hui AY, Chan HL, Wong VW, Liew CT, Chim AM, Chan FK, et al. 2011;26:300–305.
Identification of chronic hepatitis B patients without significant liver [60] Lucidarme D, Foucher J, Le Bail B, Vergniol J, Castera L, Duburque C, et al.
fibrosis by a simple noninvasive predictive model. Am J Gastroenterol Factors of accuracy of transient elastography (fibroscan) for the diagnosis of
2005;100:616–623. liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2009:1083–1089.
[61] Myers RP, Crotty P, Pomier-Layrargues G, Ma M, Urbanski SJ, Elkashab M.
[37] Zeng MD, Lu LG, Mao YM, Qiu DK, Li JQ, Wan MB, et al. Prediction of Prevalence, risk factors and causes of discordance in fibrosis staging by
significant fibrosis in HBeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B by a transient elastography and liver biopsy. Liver Int 2010;30:1471–1480.
noninvasive model. Hepatology 2005;42:1437–1445. [62] Boursier J, Zarski JP, de Ledinghen V, Rousselet MC, Sturm N, Lebail B, et al.
Determination of reliability criteria for liver stiffness evaluation by
[38] Kelleher TB, Mehta SH, Bhaskar R, Sulkowski M, Astemborski J, Thomas DL, transient elastography. Hepatology 2013;57:1182–1191.
et al. Prediction of hepatic fibrosis in HIV/HCV co-infected patients using [63] Parra-Ruiz J, Sanjuan C, Munoz-Medina L, Vinuesa D, Martinez-Perez MA,
serum fibrosis markers: The SHASTA index. J Hepatol 2005;43:78–84. Hernandez-Quero J. Letter: accuracy of liver stiffness measurement – a
comparison of two different FibroScan devices. Aliment Pharmacol Ther
[39] Sterling RK, Lissen E, Clumeck N, Sola R, Correa MC, Montaner J, et al. 2014;39:1434–1435.
Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in [64] Friedrich-Rust M, Hadji-Hosseini H, Kriener S, Herrmann E, Sircar I, Kau
patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. Hepatology 2006;43:1317–1325. A, et al. Transient elastography with a new probe for obese patients for
non-invasive staging of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur Radiol
[40] Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, George J, Farrell GC, et al. The 2010;20:2390–2396.
NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in [65] de Ledinghen V, Vergniol J, Foucher J, El-Hajbi F, Merrouche W, Rigalleau V.
patients with NAFLD. Hepatology 2007;45:846–854. Feasibility of liver transient elastography with FibroScan using a new probe
for obese patients. Liver Int 2010;30:1043–1048.
[41] Harrison SA, Oliver D, Arnold HL, Gogia S, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. [66] Myers RP, Pomier-Layrargues G, Kirsch R, Pollett A, Duarte-Rojo A, Wong D,
Development and validation of a simple NAFLD clinical scoring system et al. Feasibility and diagnostic performance of the FibroScan XL probe for
for identifying patients without advanced disease. Gut 2008;57: liver stiffness measurement in overweight and obese patients. Hepatology
1441–1447. 2012;55:199–208.
[67] de Ledinghen V, Wong VW, Vergniol J, Wong GL, Foucher J, Chu SH, et al.
[42] Poynard T, Munteanu M, Deckmyn O, Ngo Y, Drane F, Messous D, et al. Diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis using liver stiffness measurement:
Applicability and precautions of use of liver injury biomarker FibroTest. A comparison between M and XL probe of FibroScan(R). J Hepatol
reappraisal at 7 years of age. BMC Gastroenterol 2011;11:39. 2012;56:833–839.
[68] Wong VW, Vergniol J, Wong GL, Foucher J, Chan AW, Chermak F, et al. Liver
[43] Imbert-Bismut F, Messous D, Thibaut V, Myers RB, Piton A, Thabut D, et al. stiffness measurement using XL probe in patients with nonalcoholic fatty
Intra-laboratory analytical variability of biochemical markers of fibrosis liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:1862–1871.
(Fibrotest) and activity (Actitest) and reference ranges in healthy blood [69] Coco B, Oliveri F, Maina AM, Ciccorossi P, Sacco R, Colombatto P, et al.
donors. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004;42:323–333. Transient elastography: a new surrogate marker of liver fibrosis influenced
by major changes of transaminases. J Viral Hepat 2007;14:360–369.
[44] Cales P, Veillon P, Konate A, Mathieu E, Ternisien C, Chevailler A, et al. [70] Sagir A, Erhardt A, Schmitt M, Haussinger D. Transient elastography is
Reproducibility of blood tests of liver fibrosis in clinical practice. Clin unreliable for detection of cirrhosis in patients with acute liver damage.
Biochem 2008;41:10–18. Hepatology 2007;47:592–595.
[71] Arena U, Vizzutti F, Corti G, Ambu S, Stasi C, Bresci S, et al. Acute viral
[45] Fraser JR, Gibson PR. Mechanisms by which food intake elevates circulating hepatitis increases liver stiffness values measured by transient elas-
levels of hyaluronan in humans. J Intern Med 2005;258:460–466. tography. Hepatology 2008;47:380–384.
[72] Millonig G, Reimann FM, Friedrich S, Fonouni H, Mehrabi A, Buchler MW,
[46] Volpi N, Schiller J, Stern R, Soltes L. Role, metabolism, chemical modi- et al. Extrahepatic cholestasis increases liver stiffness (FibroScan) irrespec-
fications and applications of hyaluronan. Curr Med Chem 2009;16: tive of fibrosis. Hepatology 2008;48:1718–1723.
1718–1745. [73] Millonig G, Friedrich S, Adolf S, Fonouni H, Golriz M, Mehrabi A, et al. Liver
stiffness is directly influenced by central venous pressure. J Hepatol
[47] Piton A, Poynard T, Imbert-Bismut F, Khalil L, Delattre J, Pelissier E, et al. 2010;52:206–210.
Factors associated with serum alanine transaminase activity in healthy [74] Bardou-Jacquet E, Legros L, Soro D, Latournerie M, Guillygomarc’h A, Le Lan
subjects: consequences for the definition of normal values, for selection of C, et al. Effect of alcohol consumption on liver stiffness measured by
blood donors, and for patients with chronic hepatitis C. MULTIVIRC Group. transient elastography. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:516–522.
Hepatology 1998;27:1213–1219.
[48] Poynard T, Munteanu M, Imbert-Bismut F, Charlotte F, Thabut D, Le Calvez
S, et al. Prospective analysis of discordant results between biochemical
markers and biopsy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Chem
2004;10:10.
[49] Sandrin L, Fourquet B, Hasquenoph JM, Yon S, Fournier C, Mal F, et al.
Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of
hepatic fibrosis. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003;29:1705–1713.
[50] Castera L, Forns X, Alberti A. Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis using
transient elastography. J Hepatol 2008;48:835–847.
[51] Roulot D, Czernichow S, Le Clesiau H, Costes JL, Vergnaud AC, Beaugrand M.
Liver stiffness values in apparently healthy subjects: influence of gender
and metabolic syndrome. J Hepatol 2008;48:606–613.
[52] Kim SU, Choi GH, Han WK, Kim BK, Park JY, Kim do Y, et al. What are ‘true
normal’ liver stiffness values using FibroScan?: a prospective study in
Journal of Hepatology 2015 vol. xxx j xxx–xxx 21
Please cite this article in press as: EASL-ALEH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis. J
Hepatol (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.04.006
